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1.
Rev. Bras. Saúde Mater. Infant. (Online) ; 19(4): 777-786, Sept.-Dec. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1057118

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objectives: to describe the perineal outcomes of women who had delivered in water and out of water. Methods: a cross-sectional and quantitative study developed in a public hospital in Setúbal, Portugal. The population was of women who participated in the "Water Birth Project" in the period from 2011 to 2014, which gave birth in water and out of water. 104 women were selected according to established inclusion criteria. The groups were compared according to the following variables: demographics, obstetric information, delivery care and perineal outcomes. The data were analyzed in the Stata(r) software, with descriptive and bivariate statistics (chi-square and Fisher's test). Results: the medical records of 73 women who gave birth in water and 31 women who gave birth out of water were studied. Water deliveries were significantly associated with fewer perineal lacerations, lower rates of episiotomy, and shorter delivery time. Conclusions: the results of the study suggest that childbirth in water has a protective effect against severe third or fourth degree perineal tears, during fetal expulsion in water.


Resumo Objetivos: descrever os resultados perineais de mulheres que tiveram parto na água e fora da água. Métodos: estudo transversal e quantitativo desenvolvido em um hospital público de Setúbal, Portugal. A população foi de mulheres que participaram do "Projeto Parto na Água", no período de 2011 a 2014, que deram à luz na água e fora da água. Foram selecionadas para o estudo 104 mulheres de acordo com os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. Os grupos foram comparados de acordo com as seguintes variáveis: demografia, informação obstétrica, assistência ao parto e resultados perineais. Os dados foram analisados no software Stata(r), com estatísitica descritiva e bivariada (qui-quadrado e teste de Fisher). Resultados: foram estudados os prontuários de 73 mulheres que deram à luz na água e 31 mulheres que deram à luz fora da água. Os partos na água foram significativamente associados a menos lacerações perineais, menores taxas de episiotomia e menor tempo de parto. Conclusão: os resultados do estudo sugerem que o parto na água tem um efeito protetor contra lacerações perineais severas de terceiro ou de quarto grau durante a expulsão fetal na água.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Perineum/surgery , Perineum/injuries , Postpartum Period , Episiotomy/methods , Natural Childbirth , Portugal , Cross-Sectional Studies , Midwifery
2.
Prensa méd. argent ; 104(4): 196-200, Jun2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | BINACIS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1052004

ABSTRACT

This report details the frequency of perineal tears in primiparous patients with and without episiotomy, curing a vaginal delivery. Episiotomy is the surgical incision on the perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening for obstetrical purposes during the birth process for widening the oulet of the birth canal to facilitate delivery. From the present study it becomes evident that the women submitted to restrictive episiotomy showed less anterior and posterior perineal tears comparing with those without the previous episiotomy. It is considered that the implementation of a restrictive episiotomy is a valid tool that should be used by qualified personal with experience in the technique and the repairment


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Parity , Puerperal Disorders/prevention & control , Chi-Square Distribution , Suture Techniques , Parturition , Episiotomy/methods , Episiotomy/statistics & numerical data
3.
Rev. bras. ginecol. obstet ; 38(6): 301-307, June 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-789042

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Episiotomy is a controversial procedure, especially because the discussion that surrounds it has gone beyond the field of scientific debate, being adopted as an indicator of the "humanization of childbirth". The scientific literature indicates that episiotomy should not be performed routinely, but selectively. Objectives To review the literature in order to assess whether the implementation of selective episiotomy protects against severe perineal lacerations, the indications for the procedure, and the best technique to perform it. Methods A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms episiotomy or perineal lacerations, and the filter clinical trial. The articles concerning the risk of severe perineal lacerations with or without episiotomy, perineal protection, or episiotomy techniques were selected. Results A total of 141 articles were identified, and 24 of them were included in the review. Out of the 13 studies that evaluated the risk of severe lacerations with and without episiotomy, 5 demonstrated a protective role of selective episiotomy, and 4 showed no significant differences between the groups. Three small studies confirmed the finding that episiotomy should be performed selectively and not routinely, and one study showed that midline episiotomy increased the risk of severe lacerations. The most cited indications were primiparity, fetal weight greater than 4 kg, prolonged second stage, operative delivery, and shoulder dystocia. As for the surgical technique, episiotomies performed with wider angles (> 40°) and earlier in the second stage (before "crowning ") appeared to be more protective. Conclusions Selective episiotomy decreases the risk of severe lacerations when compared with the non-performance or the performance of routine episiotomy. The use of a proper surgical technique is fundamental to obtain better results, especially in relation to the angle of incision, the distance from the vaginal introitus, and the correct timing for performing the procedure. Not performing the episiotomy when indicated or not applying the correct technique may increase the risk of severe perineal lacerations.


Resumo Introdução A episiotomia é um procedimento controverso, devido, em parte, à discussão sobre sua realização ter ultrapassado o campo do debate cientifico, sendo adotada como indicador associado com a "humanização do parto." A literatura mostra que a episiotomia não deve ser realizada rotineiramente, mas de forma seletiva. Questões relativas à sua indicação, técnica de realização e associação com lacerações perineais graves são objeto de amplo debate e pesquisa. Objetivos Revisar a literatura para avaliar se a realização da episiotomia seletiva protege contra lacerações perineais graves, quais são suas indicações, e qual a melhor técnica para realizar este procedimento. Método Foi realizada busca no PubMed com os termos episiotomy ou perineal lacerations utilizando o filtro clinical trial. Foram selecionados os artigos que tratavam do risco de lacerações perineais graves com e sem episiotomia, ou de técnicas de proteção perineal ou de episiotomia. Resultados Foram identificados 141 artigos, dos quais 24 foram incluídos na revisão. Dos 13 estudos que avaliaram o risco de lacerações graves com e sem episiotomia, 5 demonstraram o papel protetor da episiotomia seletiva, e 4 não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Três pequenos estudos confirmaram o achado de que a episiotomia deve ser realizada seletiva e não rotineiramente, e um estudo mostrou que a episiotomia mediana aumenta o risco de lacerações graves. Quanto às indicações, as mais citadas foram a primiparidade, peso fetal maior do que 4kg, período expulsivo prolongado, parto operatório e distocia de ombro. Quanto à técnica, episiotomias realizadas com ângulos mais abertos (> 40°) e mais precocemente no período expulsivo (antes do "coroamento") parecem ser mais protetoras. Conclusões Episiotomias seletivas reduzem o risco de lacerações graves comparativamente à não realização de episiotomia ou à realização de episiotomia rotineira. Para esse resultado, é fundamental a utilização de técnica operatória correta, principalmente em relação ao ângulo de inclinação e distância da fúrcula vaginal, além do momento de sua realização. Deixar de realizar a episiotomia, com a técnica correta e quando bem indicada, pode aumentar o risco de lacerações perineais graves.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Episiotomy/methods , Lacerations/prevention & control , Perineum/injuries , Injury Severity Score
4.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 12(1): 22-26, Jan-Mar/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-705789

ABSTRACT

Objective : To determine how parturient women tolerate the use of a perineal distensibility assessment technique using the EPI-NO device. Methods : An observational study with a total of 227 full-term parturient women was performed. During the evaluation with EPI-NO, parturient patients were asked about their sensation of discomfort. The degree of discomfort was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale, with a score from zero to 10. The Mann-Whitney test was applied to assess perineal distensibility measured by EPI-NO and the degree of discomfort caused by the test according to parity. The relation between perineal distensibility and discomfort was analyzed by using the Spearman correlation test (r). Results : The test with EPI-NO caused only slight discomfort (mean Visual Analogue Scale of 3.8), and primiparous women reported significantly greater discomfort (mean Visual Analogue Scale of 4.5) than did multiparous (mean Visual Analogue Scale=3.1), with p<0.001 women. A negative correlation was observed, in other words, the greater the perineal distensibility on the EPI-NO, the lower the pain reported by the patients (r=-0.424; p<0.001). Conclusion : The assessment of perineal distensibility with EPI-NO was well tolerated by the parturient women. .


Objetivo : Determinar como a mulher parturiente tolera o uso de uma nova técnica de extensibilidade perineal, por meio do aparelho EPI-NO. Métodos : Estudo observacional com um total de 227 gestantes a termo. Durante a avaliação pelo EPI-NO, as parturientes foram perguntadas sobre a sensação de desconforto. O grau de desconforto foi medido usando a Escala Visual Analógica, com escore entre zero a 10. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para avaliar a extensibilidade perineal avaliada pelo EPI-NO e o grau de desconforto causado pelo teste de acordo com a paridade. A relação entre extensibilidade perineal e desconforto foi avaliada pelo teste de correlação de Spearman (r). Resultados : O teste com EPI-NO causou apenas leve desconforto (média da Escala Visual Analógica de 3,8), sendo que as primíparas reportaram mais desconforto de modo significativo (média da Escala Visual Analógica de 4,5) que as multíparas (média da Escala Visual Analógica de 3,1), com p<0,001. Observou-se correlação negativa, ou seja, a maior extensibilidade no EPI-NO foi acompanhada de menor dor referida pelas pacientes (r=-0,424; p<0,001). Conclusão : A avaliação da extensibilidade perineal com EPI-NO foi bem tolerada pelas parturientes. .


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Obstetric Labor Complications/prevention & control , Pelvic Floor/physiology , Perineum/physiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Episiotomy/methods , Lacerations/prevention & control , Muscle Contraction/physiology , Pain Measurement , Parity/physiology , Pelvic Pain/prevention & control , Perineum/injuries , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results , Statistics, Nonparametric
5.
Article in English | AIM | ID: biblio-1263391

ABSTRACT

Background: Episiotomy ­an incision of the perineum at the time of vaginal delivery is a common obstetric procedure. If the repair is inadequately done, it may leave the woman suffering from perineal pain and other long term conditions with serious impact on the woman's health and social wellbeing. The importance of skill in the obstetric procedure of episiotomy and its repair cannot be over emphasized. Objectives: The study aims to determine the interns' training and experience with episiotomy and its repair. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire study of medical interns' who had their houseman ship at the Federal Medical Centre Owerri, over a period of two years between 2003 and 2005. Results were analyzed with the SPSS version 10. Results: 70 (77.7%) of the 90 interns to whom the questionnaire was administered responded correctly. They had an average age of 28.81 ±3.36 years. 44 (62.9%) had a formal demonstration on episiotomy repair done at their medical training institution. 56 (80%) of the interns were comfortable with episiotomy repair while 14 (20%) were not. 10 (45.45%) of the females and 4 (8.33%) of the males were not comfortable with episiotomy repair. 30% of those who got their skill on episiotomy repair at the period of houseman ship were not comfortable with the procedure as opposed to 4.3% of those who had a formal training at their medical training institution. Discussion: A formal demonstration at the medical school of training does not appear to be a constant event in the medical schools as only 62.9% of the interns in this study accepted receiving such. However, despite the above, 80% of these interns' were comfortable with the repairs of episiotomy. Conclusions: It would be preferred if a formal demonstration is given on this procedure while a student is still in training


Subject(s)
Episiotomy/methods , Episiotomy/standards , Obstetric Surgical Procedures , Perineum , Professional Competence , Students
6.
Salud(i)ciencia (Impresa) ; 18(7): 635-638, nov. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-654084

ABSTRACT

La metodología de los estudios que evalúan el papel de la episiotomía mediolateral carece de la calidad necesaria y no puede extraerse actualmente de ellos conclusión alguna acerca del traumatismo perineal grave y la incontinencia anal. Se identificaron cuatro problemas: la definición y la ejecución práctica de la episiotomía mediolateral, y el diagnóstico y clasificación del traumatismo perineal. La definición y ejecución de la episiotomía mediolateral difieren ampliamente entre las distintas instituciones y los distintos individuos. El problema principal es la precisión de la dirección elegida. Se introdujeron tres términos: ángulo de incisión, de sutura y de cicatrización de episiotomía. Anteriormente, la episiotomía mediolateral se definía por un ángulo de incisión mínimo de 40°. Sin embargo,cuando se incide a 40°, el ángulo mediano luego de la reparación era de 20°, mientras que el ángulo de cicatrización era de 30° en los casos de desgarros de tercer grado frente a 38° en los controles. Al usar un ángulo de incisión de 60°, el ángulo mediano de sutura fue de 45° y el de cicatrización de 48°. Actualmente se propone que la episiotomía mediolateral se defina como “una incisión en el perineo durante la última parte de la segunda etapa del trabajo de parto, que comienza en el perineo medial pero se dirige lateralmente en un ángulo de al menos 60° en dirección de la tuberosidad isquial”. Se requieren más investigaciones para evaluar la seguridad de este ángulo de incisión.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Episiotomy/instrumentation , Episiotomy/methods , Episiotomy/trends , Episiotomy , Perineum/injuries , Labor, Obstetric
7.
Femina ; 38(5)maio 2010.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-546439

ABSTRACT

A realização de episiotomia de forma rotineira foi, durante muitos anos, um grande exemplo de prática médica adotada sem base em estudos clínicos bem conduzidos. Permanece como o segundo procedimento mais comum em obstetrícia, tendo como objetivos prevenir severos danos perineais nas mulheres submetidas ao parto normal, assim como reduzir o período expulsivo. Contudo, vários ensaios clínicos randomizados bem controlados foram publicados contestando essas verdades, além de fornecer evidências de nível I. Assim, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura de forma sistematizada, a qual incluiu estudos comparando a realização da episiotomia rotineira à seletiva. Observou-se que a realização da episiotomia rotineira não protege o assoalho pélvico, sendo causa de maior dor, sangramento e complicações intra e pós-operatórias. Baseando-se nesses resultados, não há justificativa para a manutenção da realização de episiotomia de forma rotineira. Porém, sua frequência continua sendo elevada no Brasil. Sua realização seletiva representa uma excelente oportunidade para testar a força da educação médica continuada, cientificamente embasada, e para mudar dogmas do passado. A difusão dessa prática e sua adoção nos manuais de conduta nos diferentes serviços e diretrizes das sociedades médicas é um marcador de qualidade da atenção e humanização do parto.


To perform the episiotomy as a routine way was, for many years, a medical procedure used without base in any reliable clinical trials. It remains as the second most performed procedure in obstetrics, having as goal to prevent severe damage in the perineal muscle during natural childbirth and to reduce the delivery length. However, several well-controlled randomized clinical trials has been released to refute those beliefs in addition to provide level I evidence. Therefore, a systematic literature review was made including studies that compare the routine episiotomy to the selective episiotomy. The results showed that routine episiotomy does not protect the pelvic floor causing more pain, bleeding and surgical and post-surgical complications. Based in those results, there is no reason for the use of routine episiotomy. However, its use is still common in Brazil. The selective episiotomy use is an excellent form to analyze the continuous medical education based in scientific facts and change ancients beliefs. The propagation of this practice and its presence in routine manuals are indicative of attention quality and delivery humanization.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Obstetric Labor Complications/surgery , Episiotomy , Episiotomy/methods , Intraoperative Complications , Delivery, Obstetric/methods , Perineum/injuries , Evidence-Based Practice/trends , Pelvic Floor/injuries
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